@phdthesis{oai:tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp:00008583,
 author = {Liu, Yining and 劉, 益寧},
 month = {},
 note = {From the chemoecological studies in this paper, the acquired knowledge related to
the reproductive behaviors of the darkwinged fungus gnat, Bradysia paupera, can
be summarized as follows:
1. Rearing single pregnant females clarified that this species reproduces
71
unisexual offspring and has a preference for fungus as food.
2. Mating behaviors of B. paupera consisted of a series of stereotyped male
behaviors including intermittent wing fanning (WF), walking with a zigzag
approach (ZA) while continuing WF, abdomen curling (AC) forward beneath
the thorax while using his claspers to grab the female abdomen, pivoting 180
degrees around body axis and mating occurrence (MO).
3. Female flies emit volatile sex pheromone from the body surface from the
later pupal stage until death. Female cuticular sex pheromone evokes a
series of copulating behavior and causes strong chemotaxis flight in males
irrelative of the dial periodicity.
4. Male flies begin sexual responses 30 min after adult eclosion and response
increase to a maximum at 2 hr after emergence.
5. Low light intensity depresses male flight activity, but not other locomotor
activity, low illumination has no affect on close range mating behavior.
6. Properly setting of antenna preparations and use of the correct saline allows
for recording of electrophysiological responses from tiny antennae of male B.
paupera based on ordinary amplifier facilities.
7. n-Aldehydes of C6-C18, 2-ketones of C16-C21 and n-hydrocarbons of
C10-C26 were identified from female cuticular lipids. 2-ketone of C16-C21
and n-aldehydes of C6-C9 are also common in male cuticular lipids.
8. Male antenna responded with comparatively more sensitivity to n-aldehydes
than 2-ketones and n-hydrocarbons. In n-hydrocarbons males were more
sensitive to carbon chains of C11-C12 than longer or shorter ones. Female
antennae were more sensitive to food related compound s than extracts of a
mate.
9. n-Aldehydes of C10-C13, n-hydrocarbons of C11-C13 and other chemicals
with structure similar to undecanal elicited typical sex pheromonal
behaviors in males. Among these substances undecanal was the most active
component.
10. An n-undecanal and n-aldehyde mixture trapped significantly more males
than females in preliminary field tests.
11. Trace amounts of EAD active components important for sex pheromonal
activity remain to be identified., 2003, Includes bibliographical references},
 school = {筑波大学, University of Tsukuba},
 title = {Chemoecological studies on the reproductive behaviors of the darkwinged fungus gnat, Bradysia paupera (Diptera: Sciaridae)},
 year = {2004}
}