@article{oai:tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp:00027031,
 author = {江面, 浩 and 鎌田, 浩史 and Shinoyama, Harue and Sano, Tsunenori and Saito, Minoru and Ezura, Hiroshi and Aida, Ryutaro and Nomura, Yukio and Kamada, Hiroshi},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {Molecular breeding},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium
Ramat.) is one of the most popular ornamental
flowers in the world, and many agronomic traits have
recently been introduced to chrysanthemum cultivars
by gene transformation. Concerns have been raised,
however, regarding transgene flow from transgenic
plants to wild plants. In early studies, ethylene receptor
genes have been used for genetic modification in
plants, such as flower longevity and fruit ripening.
Recently, overexpression of ethylene receptor genes
from melon (CmETR1/H69A) caused delayed tapetum
degradation of the anther sac and a reduction in pollen
grains. We therefore introduced the ethylene receptor
gene into chrysanthemums to induce male sterility and
prevent transgene flowvia pollen. The chrysanthemum
cultivar Yamate shiro was transformed using a
disarmed strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
EHA105, carrying the binary vector pBIK102H69A,
which contains theCmETR1/H69A gene.Atotal of 335
shoots were regenerated from 1,282 leaf discs on
regeneration medium (26.1%). The presence of the
Cm-ETR1/H69A gene was confirmed in all of the
regenerated plantlets by Southern blot analysis. These
genetically modified (GM) plants and their non-GM
counterparts were grown in a closed greenhouse and
flowered at temperatures between 10 and 35 C. In 15
of the 335 GM chrysanthemum lines, the number of
mature pollen grains was significantly reduced, particularly
in three of the lines (Nos. 91, 191 and 324). In
these three lines, pollen grains were not observed at
temperatures between 20 and 35 C but were observed
at 10 and 15 C, and mature pollen grains were formed
only at 15 C. In northern blot analyses, expression of
the CmETR1/H69A gene was suppressed at low
temperatures. This phenomenon was observed as a
result of both the suppression of CmETR1/H69A
expression at low temperatures and the optimal growth
temperature of chrysanthemums (15–20 C). Furthermore,
the female fertility of these three GM lines was
significantly lower than that of the non-GM plants.
Thus, the mutated ethylene receptor is able to reduce
both male and female fertility significantly in transgenic chrysanthemums, although the stability of
male and/or female sterility at varying growth temperatures
is a matter of concern for its practical use.},
 pages = {285--295},
 title = {Induction of male sterility in transgenic chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) by expression of a mutated ethylene receptor gene, Cm-ETR1/H69A, and the stability of this sterility at varying growth temperatures},
 volume = {29},
 year = {2012}
}